P1 In 1967, the WHO embarked on what was an outrageous program to eradicate smallpox. In that
year, there were 34 countries affected with smallpox. By 1970, we were down to 18 countries. 1974, we
were down to five countries. But in that year, smallpox exploded throughout India. And India was the
place where smallpox made its last stand. In 1974, India had a population of 600 million. There are 21
linguistic states in India, which is like saying 21 different countries. There are 20 million people on the
road at any time in buses and trains, walking, 500,000 villages, 120 million households, and none of them
wanted to report if they had a case of smallpox in their house because they thought that smallpox was the
visitation of a deity, Shitala Mata, the cooling mother, and it was wrong to bring strangers into your house
when the deity was in the house. No incentive to report smallpox.
P2 It wasn't just India that had smallpox deities; smallpox deities were prevalent all over the world.
So, how we eradicated smallpox was -- max vaccination wouldn't work. You could vaccinate everybody
in India, but one year later there'll be 21 million new babies, which was then the population of Canada. It
wouldn't do just to vaccinate everyone. You had to find every single case of smallpox in the world at the
same time and draw a circle of immunity around it. And that's what we did. In India alone, my 150,000
best friends and Iwent door to door with that same picture to every single house in India. We made over
one billion house calls.
patients.
P3 And in the process, I learned something very important. Every time we did a house-to-house
search, we had a spike in the number of reports of smallpox. When we didn't search, we had the illusion
that there was no disease. When we did search, we had the illusion that there was more disease. A
surveillance system was necessary because what we needed was early detection, early response. So, we
searched and we searched, and we found every case of smallpox in India. We had a reward. We raised the
reward. We continued to increase the reward. We had a scorecard that we wrote on every house. And as
we did that, the number of reported cases in the world dropped to zero, and in 1980 we declared the globe
free of smallpox.
P5 It was the largest campaign in United Nations history until the Iraq war. 150,000 people from all
over the world, doctors of every race, religion, culture and nation, who fought side by side, brothers and
sisters, with each other, not against each other, in a common cause to make the world better. But smallpox
was the fourth disease that was intended for eradication. We failed three other times. We failed against
malaria, yellow fever and yaws. But soon we may see polio eradicated. But the key to eradicating polio is
early detection, early response. This may be the year we eradicate polio -- that will make it the second
disease in history.
P1 Bird flu. I stand here as a representative of all terrible things -- this might be the worst. The key to
preventing or mitigating pandemic bird flu is early detection and rapid response. We will not have a
vaccine or adequate supplies of an antiviral to combat bird flu if it occurs in the next three years. WHO
stages the progress of a pandemic. We are now at stage three on the pandemic alert stage, with just a little
bit of human-to-human transmission, but no human-to-human sustained transmission.
P2 The moment WHO says we've moved to category four, this will not be like Katrina. The world as
we know it will stop. There'll be no airplanes flying. Would you get in an airplane with 250 people you
didn't know, coughing and sneezing, when you knew that some of them might carry a disease that could
kill you, for which you had no antivirals or vaccine? I did a study of the top epidemiologists in the world
in October. I asked them -- these are all fluologists and specialists in influenza -- and I asked them the
questions you'd like to ask them. What do you think the likelihood is that there'll be a pandemic? If it
happens, how bad do you think it will be? 15 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within three
years. But much worse than that, 90 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within your children
or your grandchildren's lifetime. And they thought that if there was a pandemic, a billion people would get
sick. As many as 165 million people would die.
P3 Let me show you a simulation of what a pandemic looks like so we know what we're talking
about. Let's assume, for example, that the first case occurs in South Asia. It initially goes quite slowly.
You get two or three discrete locations. Then there'll be secondary outbreaks, and the disease will spread
from country to country so fast that you won't know what hit you. Within three weeks it will be
everywhere in the world. Now, if we had an "undo" button, and we could go back and isolate it and grab it
when it first started. If we could find it early, and we had early detection and early response, and we could
put each one of those viruses in jail -- that's the only way to deal with something like a pandemic.
P1 ใน 1967 ผู้เริ่มต้นในสิ่งโปรแกรมอุกอาจเพื่อขจัดไข้ทรพิษ ในที่ปี มี 34 ประเทศที่ได้รับผลกระทบ ด้วยไข้ทรพิษ ปี 1970 ได้ไปยัง 18 ประเทศ 1974 เราได้ลงไปห้าประเทศ แต่ในปี ไข้ทรพิษกระจายทั่วอินเดีย และอินเดียสถานที่ที่ไข้ทรพิษทำยืนสุดท้าย 1974 อินเดียมีประชากรประมาณ 600 ล้าน มี 21อเมริกาภาษาศาสตร์ในอินเดีย ซึ่งจะเหมือนกับว่า ต่างประเทศ 21 มีอยู่ 20 ล้านคนถนนตลอดเวลาในรถบัสและรถไฟ เดิน หมู่บ้าน 500000, 120 ล้านครัวเรือน ไม่มีพวกเขาอยากรายงานถ้า มีกรณีของไข้ทรพิษในบ้านของพวกเขา เพราะพวกเขาคิดว่า เป็นไข้ทรพิษการเสด็จเยี่ยมของพระเจ้า Shitala ภะรัตมะตะ แม่เย็น และผิดนำคนแปลกหน้าเข้ามาในบ้านของคุณเมื่อพระที่อยู่ในบ้าน ไม่จูงใจให้รายงานไข้ทรพิษP 2 มันไม่ได้เพียงอินเดียมีไข้ทรพิษเทวดา ไข้ทรพิษเทวดาได้แพร่หลายทั่วโลกดังนั้น วิธีกำจัดให้หมดเรา มีไข้ทรพิษ - วัคซีนสูงสุดจะไม่ทำงาน คุณสามารถปลูกฝีทุกคนในอินเดีย แต่หนึ่งปีต่อมา จะมีเด็กใหม่ 21 ล้าน ซึ่งเป็นประชากรของประเทศแคนาดาแล้ว มันจะไม่ทำเพียงการปลูกฝีทุกคน ก็ต้องค้นหาทุกตัวเดียวของไข้ทรพิษที่เหมือนเวลา และวาดวงกลมของภูมิคุ้มกันรอบ ๆ และนั่นคือสิ่งที่เราได้ อินเดียคนเดียว 150, 000 ของฉันดีเพื่อนและ Iwent ถึงมือกับรูปภาพที่เหมือนกันทุกบ้านเดียวในอินเดีย เราทำมากกว่าone billion house calls.patients.P3 And in the process, I learned something very important. Every time we did a house-to-housesearch, we had a spike in the number of reports of smallpox. When we didn't search, we had the illusionthat there was no disease. When we did search, we had the illusion that there was more disease. Asurveillance system was necessary because what we needed was early detection, early response. So, wesearched and we searched, and we found every case of smallpox in India. We had a reward. We raised thereward. We continued to increase the reward. We had a scorecard that we wrote on every house. And aswe did that, the number of reported cases in the world dropped to zero, and in 1980 we declared the globefree of smallpox.P5 It was the largest campaign in United Nations history until the Iraq war. 150,000 people from allover the world, doctors of every race, religion, culture and nation, who fought side by side, brothers andsisters, with each other, not against each other, in a common cause to make the world better. But smallpoxwas the fourth disease that was intended for eradication. We failed three other times. We failed againstmalaria, yellow fever and yaws. But soon we may see polio eradicated. But the key to eradicating polio isearly detection, early response. This may be the year we eradicate polio -- that will make it the seconddisease in history.P1 Bird flu. I stand here as a representative of all terrible things -- this might be the worst. The key topreventing or mitigating pandemic bird flu is early detection and rapid response. We will not have avaccine or adequate supplies of an antiviral to combat bird flu if it occurs in the next three years. WHOstages the progress of a pandemic. We are now at stage three on the pandemic alert stage, with just a littlebit of human-to-human transmission, but no human-to-human sustained transmission.P2 The moment WHO says we've moved to category four, this will not be like Katrina. The world aswe know it will stop. There'll be no airplanes flying. Would you get in an airplane with 250 people youdidn't know, coughing and sneezing, when you knew that some of them might carry a disease that couldkill you, for which you had no antivirals or vaccine? I did a study of the top epidemiologists in the worldin October. I asked them -- these are all fluologists and specialists in influenza -- and I asked them thequestions you'd like to ask them. What do you think the likelihood is that there'll be a pandemic? If ithappens, how bad do you think it will be? 15 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within threeyears. But much worse than that, 90 percent said they thought there'd be a pandemic within your childrenor your grandchildren's lifetime. And they thought that if there was a pandemic, a billion people would getsick. As many as 165 million people would die.P3 Let me show you a simulation of what a pandemic looks like so we know what we're talkingabout. Let's assume, for example, that the first case occurs in South Asia. It initially goes quite slowly.You get two or three discrete locations. Then there'll be secondary outbreaks, and the disease will spreadfrom country to country so fast that you won't know what hit you. Within three weeks it will beeverywhere in the world. Now, if we had an "undo" button, and we could go back and isolate it and grab itwhen it first started. If we could find it early, and we had early detection and early response, and we couldput each one of those viruses in jail -- that's the only way to deal with something like a pandemic.
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