METHODS
Sample
A convenience sample of 144 primiparas women was
recruited from two hospitals in Southern Thailand.
Four women were from a small community hospital
and 140 were from a large health center. Participants
were married primiparas, ages 20 to 30 years old, with
a singleton fetus, who had received antenatal care
from the second trimester, and who had been in the
latent phase of labor for no more than 10 hours.
Women were excluded if, before entering the study,
they had received analgesic medication, had labor in