Results and discussion
As shown in Scheme 1, the desired anthraquinonyl glycoside (ZBW1) was synthesized by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) of azido mannoside a[16] with dipropargyl anthraquinone b[5], followed by a de-acetylation, in 66% yield. For the sensor fabrication, the compound was simply spotted to the working electrode (pre-coated with a nano-graphene (nG)) of a screen printed electrode [17]. The presence of graphene may increase the adsorption of AG onto the working electrode [18]. Comparing to the conventional gold-thiol self-assembly, the strong π-interaction between graphene and anthraquinone [5] may provide a more facile and economic means for construction of self-assembled electrochemical biosensors due to the preclusion of using gold as the sensing platform. Upon formation of the sensors, the hydrophilic glycosyl moiety could expose to the environment for lectin recognition [5].
Scheme 1
Synthesis of the target anthraquinonyl mannoside. Reagents and condition: (i) CuSO4 • H2O, Na ascorbate, CH2Cl2/H2O; (ii) Et3N, MeOH/H2O.
Voltammetry and EIS were used to monitor the sensor standardization. Three sets of electrodes with increasing current intensities (Figure 1d: 9.3 μA, Figure 1e: 15.2 μA and Figure 1f: 19.9 μA) were made by spotting ZBW1 with different concentrations to the working electrode. The surface coverage areas (Г, adsorbed AQ species) of the different electrodes were determined to be 1.1 × 10−9 (Figure 1a), 2.7 × 10−9 (Figure 1b) and 6.9 × 10−9 (Figure 1c) mol cm−2 by cyclic voltammetry [3],[5]. EIS was then used to analyze the surface adhesion of a mannose-selective lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A), using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe [5]. We observed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of all sets of electrodes decorated with the mannoside increased evidently in the presence of Con A (Figure 1g-i), suggesting the adhesion of the lectin onto the electrode surface. This is in good agreement with previous observations [5],[11].
Figure 1. Representative electrochemical methods for the standardized detection of mannose-Con A interactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of ZBW1 with a surface converge (Г) of (a) 1.1 × 10−9 mol cm−2, (b) 2.7 × 10−9 mol cm−2 and (c) 6.9 × 10−9 mol cm−2; Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of ZBW1 with a current intensity of(d) 9.3 μA, (e) 15.2 μA and (f) 19.9 μA; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ZBW1 with a lectin coverage efficiency (η) of (g) 34.8%, (h) 49.7%, and (i) 72.5% on graphene electrodes in the presence (colored) of Con A (10 μM) (red plots stand for ZBW1-functionalized graphene electrodes in the absence of a lectin).
Results and discussion
As shown in Scheme 1, the desired anthraquinonyl glycoside (ZBW1) was synthesized by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) of azido mannoside a[16] with dipropargyl anthraquinone b[5], followed by a de-acetylation, in 66% yield. For the sensor fabrication, the compound was simply spotted to the working electrode (pre-coated with a nano-graphene (nG)) of a screen printed electrode [17]. The presence of graphene may increase the adsorption of AG onto the working electrode [18]. Comparing to the conventional gold-thiol self-assembly, the strong π-interaction between graphene and anthraquinone [5] may provide a more facile and economic means for construction of self-assembled electrochemical biosensors due to the preclusion of using gold as the sensing platform. Upon formation of the sensors, the hydrophilic glycosyl moiety could expose to the environment for lectin recognition [5].
Scheme 1
Synthesis of the target anthraquinonyl mannoside. Reagents and condition: (i) CuSO4 • H2O, Na ascorbate, CH2Cl2/H2O; (ii) Et3N, MeOH/H2O.
Voltammetry and EIS were used to monitor the sensor standardization. Three sets of electrodes with increasing current intensities (Figure 1d: 9.3 μA, Figure 1e: 15.2 μA and Figure 1f: 19.9 μA) were made by spotting ZBW1 with different concentrations to the working electrode. The surface coverage areas (Г, adsorbed AQ species) of the different electrodes were determined to be 1.1 × 10−9 (Figure 1a), 2.7 × 10−9 (Figure 1b) and 6.9 × 10−9 (Figure 1c) mol cm−2 by cyclic voltammetry [3],[5]. EIS was then used to analyze the surface adhesion of a mannose-selective lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A), using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe [5]. We observed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of all sets of electrodes decorated with the mannoside increased evidently in the presence of Con A (Figure 1g-i), suggesting the adhesion of the lectin onto the electrode surface. This is in good agreement with previous observations [5],[11].
Figure 1. Representative electrochemical methods for the standardized detection of mannose-Con A interactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of ZBW1 with a surface converge (Г) of (a) 1.1 × 10−9 mol cm−2, (b) 2.7 × 10−9 mol cm−2 and (c) 6.9 × 10−9 mol cm−2; Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of ZBW1 with a current intensity of(d) 9.3 μA, (e) 15.2 μA and (f) 19.9 μA; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ZBW1 with a lectin coverage efficiency (η) of (g) 34.8%, (h) 49.7%, and (i) 72.5% on graphene electrodes in the presence (colored) of Con A (10 μM) (red plots stand for ZBW1-functionalized graphene electrodes in the absence of a lectin).
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Results and discussion
As shown in Scheme 1, the desired anthraquinonyl glycoside (ZBW1) was synthesized by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) of azido mannoside a[16] with dipropargyl anthraquinone b[5], followed by a de-acetylation, in 66% yield. For the sensor fabrication, the compound was simply spotted to the working electrode (pre-coated with a nano-graphene (nG)) of a screen printed electrode [17]. The presence of graphene may increase the adsorption of AG onto the working electrode [18]. Comparing to the conventional gold-thiol self-assembly, the strong π-interaction between graphene and anthraquinone [5] may provide a more facile and economic means for construction of self-assembled electrochemical biosensors due to the preclusion of using gold as the sensing platform. Upon formation of the sensors, the hydrophilic glycosyl moiety could expose to the environment for lectin recognition [5].
Scheme 1
Synthesis of the target anthraquinonyl mannoside. Reagents and condition: (i) CuSO4 • H2O, Na ascorbate, CH2Cl2/H2O; (ii) Et3N, MeOH/H2O.
Voltammetry and EIS were used to monitor the sensor standardization. Three sets of electrodes with increasing current intensities (Figure 1d: 9.3 μA, Figure 1e: 15.2 μA and Figure 1f: 19.9 μA) were made by spotting ZBW1 with different concentrations to the working electrode. The surface coverage areas (Г, adsorbed AQ species) of the different electrodes were determined to be 1.1 × 10−9 (Figure 1a), 2.7 × 10−9 (Figure 1b) and 6.9 × 10−9 (Figure 1c) mol cm−2 by cyclic voltammetry [3],[5]. EIS was then used to analyze the surface adhesion of a mannose-selective lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A), using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe [5]. We observed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of all sets of electrodes decorated with the mannoside increased evidently in the presence of Con A (Figure 1g-i), suggesting the adhesion of the lectin onto the electrode surface. This is in good agreement with previous observations [5],[11].
Figure 1. Representative electrochemical methods for the standardized detection of mannose-Con A interactions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of ZBW1 with a surface converge (Г) of (a) 1.1 × 10−9 mol cm−2, (b) 2.7 × 10−9 mol cm−2 and (c) 6.9 × 10−9 mol cm−2; Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of ZBW1 with a current intensity of(d) 9.3 μA, (e) 15.2 μA and (f) 19.9 μA; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ZBW1 with a lectin coverage efficiency (η) of (g) 34.8%, (h) 49.7%, and (i) 72.5% on graphene electrodes in the presence (colored) of Con A (10 μM) (red plots stand for ZBW1-functionalized graphene electrodes in the absence of a lectin).
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Results and discussion
As shown in Scheme 1, the desired anthraquinonyl glycoside (ZBW1) was synthesized by the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) of azido mannoside a[16] with dipropargyl anthraquinone b[5], followed by a de-acetylation, in 66% yield. For the sensor fabrication,สารประกอบที่เป็นเพียงพบเพื่อขั้วไฟฟ้าทำงาน ( ก่อนเคลือบด้วยนาโนกราฟีน ( NG ) ของหน้าจอพิมพ์ ) [ 17 ] การปรากฏตัวของกราฟีน อาจเพิ่มการดูดซับของ AG เข้าทำงาน ) [ 18 ] เปรียบเทียบกับวิธีทองขนาดต่างๆ , the strong π-interaction between graphene and anthraquinone [5] may provide a more facile and economic means for construction of self-assembled electrochemical biosensors due to the preclusion of using gold as the sensing platform. Upon formation of the sensors, the hydrophilic glycosyl moiety could expose to the environment for lectin recognition [5].
Scheme 1
การสังเคราะห์เป้าหมาย anthraquinonyl mannoside . สารเคมีและสภาพ : ( ฉัน ) CuSO4 • h2o , h2o ชา ch2cl2 / 2 ) et3n ปริมาณแสงยูวี /
, h2o และถูกใช้เพื่อตรวจสอบการเซ็นเซอร์ของมาตรฐาน สามชุดของขั้วไฟฟ้าด้วยเพิ่มความเข้มกระแส ( รูป 1D : 9.3 μ , รูป 1e : 15.2 μและรูปที่ชั้น 1 : 199 μ ) ถูกสร้างโดยเฉพาะ zbw1 ที่มีความเข้มข้นแตกต่างกันไปในขั้วไฟฟ้าทำงาน พื้นผิวครอบคลุมพื้นที่ ( Гดูดซับ AQ , ชนิดของขั้วไฟฟ้าที่ต่างกันมีความตั้งใจจะ 1.1 × 10 − 9 ( รูปที่ 1A ) 2.7 × 10 − 9 ( รูป 1B ) และ 6.9 × 10 − 9 ตัวเลข ( 1C ) mol − 2 ซม. โดยไซคลิกโวลแทมเมทรี [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] EIS แล้ววิเคราะห์พื้นผิวยึดเกาะขององค์ประกอบที่เลือกเลคติน Concanavalin A (Con A), using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe [5]. We observed that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of all sets of electrodes decorated with the mannoside increased evidently in the presence of Con A (Figure 1g-i), suggesting the adhesion of the lectin onto the electrode surface. This is in good agreement with previous observations [5],[11].
Figure 1.ตัวแทนทางเคมีไฟฟ้าวิธี การตรวจสอบมาตรฐานของแมนโนสคอน มีการโต้ตอบ ไซคลิกโวลแทมเมทรี ( CV ) ของ zbw1 กับพื้นผิวบรรจบ ( Г ) ( 1.1 × 10 − 9 โมล cm − 2 ( ข ) 2.7 × 10 − 9 โมล cm − 2 และ ( c ) 6.9 × 10 − 9 โมล cm − 2 ; ค่าชีพจรแสงยูวี ( dpv ) ของ zbw1 กับ ปัจจุบันความรุนแรงของ ( D ) 9.3 μ , ( e ) และ ( F ) 15.2 μ 19.9 μ ; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ZBW1 with a lectin coverage efficiency (η) of (g) 34.8%, (h) 49.7%, and (i) 72.5% on graphene electrodes in the presence (colored) of Con A (10 μM) (red plots stand for ZBW1-functionalized graphene electrodes in the absence of a lectin).
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