Critically ill patients are often exposed to nephrotoxic materials, including, but not limited to, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, and radiological contrast agents. In the ICU, nephrotoxic effects, either alone or more commonly associated
with ischemia, have been a factor in the development of AKI in almost one-half of the cases. Because the kidneys are responsible for the excretion of many drugs, the most common mechanism of nephrotoxic injury is the toxic effect on the renal tubules, causing cellular injury and death or inflammation