This behavior creates the impression
of toughness or noncompliance, but the adolescent may not necessarily demonstrate
aggressive attitudes or insubordinate behaviors (Majors & Billson, 1992; Noguera,
2003). For example, a student may “act cool” or demonstrate “blustering” behavior, but
the adolescent still remains non-aggressive and compliant. In contrast, hypermasculine
behaviors may also take the form of more direct aggressive behaviors (Noguera, 2003;