Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which have pagan roots, and others which may be rooted in Celtic Christianity.[35][36] Indeed, Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that "the sacred and the religious are a fundamental context for understanding Halloween in Northern Ireland, but there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".[37] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end".[35] Samhain (pronounced sah-win or sow-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[38][39] It was held on or about 31 October – 1 November and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year by the Brittonic Celts; for example Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany). Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[40] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.
Samhain/Calan Gaeaf marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.[41][42] Like Beltane/Calan Mai, it was seen as a liminal time, when the spirits or fairies (the Aos Sí) could more easily come into our world and were particularly active.[43][44] Most scholars see the Aos Sí as "degraded versions of ancient gods [...] whose power remained active in the people's minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs". The Aos Sí were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[45][46] At Samhain, it was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people and their livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left for the Aos Sí.[47][48][49][50] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes.[51] Places were set at the dinner table or by the fire to welcome them.[52] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night or day of the year seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures throughout the world.[53] In 19th century Ireland, "candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin".[54] Throughout the Gaelic and Welsh regions, the household festivities included rituals and games intended to divine one's future, especially regarding death and marriage.[55] Nuts and apples were often used in these divination rituals. Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers, and were also used for divination.[40][41] It is suggested that the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun, helping the "powers of growth" and holding back the decay and darkness of winter.[52][56][57] Christian minister Eddie J. Smith suggests that the bonfires were also used to scare witches of "their awaiting punishment in hell".[58]
photograph
A traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland
In modern Ireland, Scotland, Mann and Wales, the festival included mumming and guising,[59] the latter of which goes back at least as far as the 16th century.[60] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food.[59] It may have come from the Christian custom of souling (see below) or it may have a Gaelic folk origin, with the costumes being a means of imitating, or disguising oneself from, the Aos Sí. In Scotland, youths went house-to-house on 31 October with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[59] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked (or blackened) with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire.[60] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[59] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney dressed as the opposite gender.[59] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.[61][62] Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and hobby horses were part of other yearly festivals.However, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".[59] As early as the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[59] Wearing costumes at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century, as did the custom of playing pranks.[59] The "traditional illumination for guisers or pranksters abroad on the night in some places was provided by turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces to represent spirits or goblins".[59] These were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[59] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.
 
วันนี้วันฮาโลวีศุลกากรมีความคิดได้รับอิทธิพลมาจากประเพณีพื้นบ้านและความเชื่อจากเซลติกพูดประเทศ ซึ่งมีรากสะเอียน และอื่น ๆ ซึ่งอาจใช้ในศาสนาคริสต์เซลติก[35][36] จริง แจ็ค Santino, folklorist เขียนว่า "ศักดิ์สิทธิ์และศาสนาเป็นบริบทพื้นฐานสำหรับความเข้าใจฮาโลวีนในไอร์แลนด์เหนือ แต่มีทั่วไอร์แลนด์การพักรบไม่สบายใจที่มีอยู่ระหว่างประเพณีและความเชื่อที่เกี่ยวข้องกับศาสนาคริสต์และผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับศาสนาที่ไอริชก่อนมาถึงศาสนาคริสต์"[37] โรเจอร์สนิโคลัสนักประวัติศาสตร์ การสำรวจจุดเริ่มต้นของฮาโลวีน บันทึกในขณะที่ "บาง folklorists ได้พบกำเนิดใน Pomona เจ้าของผลไม้และเมล็ดพืช ฉลองโรมัน หรือในเทศกาล Parentalia เรียกว่าตาย มันมากมักจะเชื่อมโยงกับอย่างไร Samhain เทศกาลเซลติก" ซึ่งมาจากไอริชเก่าสำหรับ "การสิ้นสุดของฤดูร้อน"[35] แรก และสำคัญที่สุดของไตรมาสสี่วันในปฏิทิน Gaelic ยุคกลางอย่างไร Samhain (sah ชนะออกเสียงหรือเสาใน) และมีการเฉลิมฉลองในไอร์แลนด์ สกอตแลนด์ และไอล์อวสาน [38] [39] จัดขึ้นบนหรือประมาณ 31 ตุลาคม – 1 พฤศจิกายนและเป็นเทศกาลจัดขึ้นในเวลาเดียวกันของปี โดยเคลต์ Brittonic เช่น Calan Gaeaf (ในเวลส์), Gwav Kalan (ในคอร์นวอลล์) และ Kalan Goañv (ในตตานี) อย่างไร Samhain และ Calan Gaeaf กล่าวถึงบางส่วนของวรรณกรรมไอริชและชาวเวลส์ที่เร็วที่สุด ชื่อถูกใช้ โดยนักประวัติศาสตร์อ้างถึงฮาโลวีเซลติกศุลกากรจนถึงศตวรรษ 19, [40] และยังมีสกเซลท์สาขาหนึ่งและชาวเวลส์ชื่อสำหรับฮาโลวีนแอปเปิ้ลสแนปคืน ทาสี โดย Daniel Maclise 1833 แสดงคนเป็น และเล่นเกมทำนายฮาโลวีนในไอร์แลนด์อย่างไร Samhain/Calan Gaeaf ทำเครื่องหมายสิ้นสุดของฤดูกาลเก็บเกี่ยวและจุดเริ่มต้นของฤดูหนาวหรือ 'ครึ่งเข้ม' ปี[41][42] เช่น Beltane/Calan เชียงใหม่ มันถูกเห็นเป็นเวลา liminal เมื่อวิญญาณหรือนางฟ้า (Aos Sí) อาจง่ายขึ้นมาในโลกของเรา และถูกใช้งานโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง[43][44] นักวิชาการส่วนมากดู Aos Sí เป็น "เสื่อมโทรมรุ่นเทพเจ้าโบราณ [...] พลังงานที่ยังคงใช้งานอยู่ในจิตใจของประชาชนแม้หลังจากที่พวกเขาได้ถูกทางถูกแทนที่ ด้วยภายหลังความเชื่อในศาสนา" Aos Sí ได้ทั้งเคารพ และ กลัว กับบุคคลมักเรียกปกป้องของพระเจ้าเมื่อใกล้บริเวณของพวกเขา[45][46] ที่อย่างไร Samhain มันไม่เชื่อว่าว่า Aos Sí ต้องเป็น propitiated เพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า คนและปศุสัตว์ของพวกเขารอดชีวิตฤดูหนาว ของอาหาร และเครื่องดื่ม หรือส่วนของพืช ถูกซ้ายสำหรับ Aos Sí[47][48][49][50] วิญญาณของคนตายยังถูกว่า มาทบทวนที่บ้านของพวกเขา[51] สถานที่ตั้ง ที่โต๊ะอาหาร หรือไฟต้อนรับพวกเขา[52] ที่เชื่อว่า วิญญาณของศพกลับบ้านในคืนหนึ่งหรือวันของปีน่าจะ มีต้นกำเนิด และอยู่ในหลายวัฒนธรรมทั่วโลก[53] ในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 ประเทศไอร์แลนด์ "จะสว่างเทียน และสวดมนต์นำเสนออย่างเป็นกิจจะลักษณะวิญญาณของคนตาย หลังจากนี้ การกิน ดื่ม และเกมจะเริ่มต้น"[54] ทั่วภูมิภาคสกเซลท์สาขาหนึ่งและชาวเวลส์ พิธีกรรมงานเฉลิมฉลองในครัวเรือนรวมและเกมที่มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อพระเจ้าหนึ่งของในอนาคต โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งเกี่ยวกับการตายและการแต่งงาน[55] ถั่วและแอปเปิ้ลได้มักใช้ในพิธีกรรมเหล่านี้ทำนาย พิเศษ bonfires ถูกแสง และมีพิธีกรรมที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพวกเขา ของเปลวไฟ ควัน และขี้เถ้าก็ถือว่าต้องป้องกันและทำความสะอาดอำนาจ และยังใช้สำหรับการทำนาย[40][41] มันจะแนะนำว่า ถูกชนิดของเทียม หรือเห็นอกเห็นใจ – จะ mimicked ดวงอาทิตย์ ช่วย "อำนาจเจริญเติบโต" และถือกลับผุและความมืดของฤดูหนาว[52][56][57] รัฐมนตรีคริสเตียนเอ็ดดี้ J. Smith แนะนำว่า ที่ bonfires ยังใช้หลอกทวิทช์ส "ของ awaiting ลงโทษในนรก"[58]ภาพถ่ายโคมไฟหัวผักกาด (rutabaga) ฮาโลวีนไอริชดั้งเดิมบนแสดงในพิพิธภัณฑ์ของประเทศชีวิต ไอร์แลนด์In modern Ireland, Scotland, Mann and Wales, the festival included mumming and guising,[59] the latter of which goes back at least as far as the 16th century.[60] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food.[59] It may have come from the Christian custom of souling (see below) or it may have a Gaelic folk origin, with the costumes being a means of imitating, or disguising oneself from, the Aos Sí. In Scotland, youths went house-to-house on 31 October with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[59] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked (or blackened) with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire.[60] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[59] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney dressed as the opposite gender.[59] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.[61][62] Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and hobby horses were part of other yearly festivals.However, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".[59] As early as the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[59] Wearing costumes at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century, as did the custom of playing pranks.[59] The "traditional illumination for guisers or pranksters abroad on the night in some places was provided by turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces to represent spirits or goblins".[59] These were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[59] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.
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Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which have pagan roots, and others which may be rooted in Celtic Christianity.[35][36] Indeed, Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that "the sacred and the religious are a fundamental context for understanding Halloween in Northern Ireland, but there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".[37] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end".[35] Samhain (pronounced sah-win or sow-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[38][39] It was held on or about 31 October – 1 November and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year by the Brittonic Celts; for example Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany). Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[40] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.
Samhain/Calan Gaeaf marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.[41][42] Like Beltane/Calan Mai, it was seen as a liminal time, when the spirits or fairies (the Aos Sí) could more easily come into our world and were particularly active.[43][44] Most scholars see the Aos Sí as "degraded versions of ancient gods [...] whose power remained active in the people's minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs". The Aos Sí were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[45][46] At Samhain, it was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people and their livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left for the Aos Sí.[47][48][49][50] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes.[51] Places were set at the dinner table or by the fire to welcome them.[52] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night or day of the year seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures throughout the world.[53] In 19th century Ireland, "candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin".[54] Throughout the Gaelic and Welsh regions, the household festivities included rituals and games intended to divine one's future, especially regarding death and marriage.[55] Nuts and apples were often used in these divination rituals. Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers, and were also used for divination.[40][41] It is suggested that the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun, helping the "powers of growth" and holding back the decay and darkness of winter.[52][56][57] Christian minister Eddie J. Smith suggests that the bonfires were also used to scare witches of "their awaiting punishment in hell".[58]
photograph
A traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland
In modern Ireland, Scotland, Mann and Wales, the festival included mumming and guising,[59] the latter of which goes back at least as far as the 16th century.[60] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food.[59] It may have come from the Christian custom of souling (see below) or it may have a Gaelic folk origin, with the costumes being a means of imitating, or disguising oneself from, the Aos Sí. In Scotland, youths went house-to-house on 31 October with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[59] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked (or blackened) with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire.[60] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[59] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney dressed as the opposite gender.[59] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.[61][62] Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and hobby horses were part of other yearly festivals.However, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".[59] As early as the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[59] Wearing costumes at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century, as did the custom of playing pranks.[59] The "traditional illumination for guisers or pranksters abroad on the night in some places was provided by turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces to represent spirits or goblins".[59] These were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[59] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.
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