and Se are within acceptable ranges. However,
the concentration of Cu in PKC (21 – 29 ppm)
is considered high compared to that required
by most ruminants. As such there have been
reports of copper toxicity in sheep fed high
levels of PKC in Malaysia. More than 75% of
PKC is cell wall component, which consist of
35.2% mannose, 2.6% xylose, arabinose 1.1%,
galactose 1.9%, lignin 15.1% and ash 5.0%
(Cervero et al., 2010).
In Malaysia, PKC is widely used as an
ingredient in rations for feedlot cattle, dairy
cows and buffaloes. Feedlot beef cattle are
sometimes fed diets containing up to 80% PKC
with no negative effect provided that the
supply of Ca and vitamins (in particular A and
E) are sufficient to meet their requirements
(Wan Zahari and Alimon, 2003; Alimon,
2004). The level of PKC in diets should not be
more than 85% to avoid occurrence of
metabolic diseases such as acidosis. Grass or
hay or other long fiber sources, such as grasses
and hay, should be mixed at a level between 10
to 15% in the total ration. In addition grasses or
other forages will reduce the rate of passage of
PKC in the gastro-intestinal tract of the
animals in order to increase retention and
digestibility of nutrients. It is important to
ensure that the ratio of Ca : P in the rations is
within 1 : 1 to 3 : 1 in order to overcome
skeletal deformities and mineral imbalances.
Quite often, an imbalance of Ca : P ratio can
cause urinary calculi in ruminants.
Small ruminants such as sheep and goats
can be fed PKC based diets. However, because
of the high Cu contents in PKC, care should be
and Se are within acceptable ranges. However,the concentration of Cu in PKC (21 – 29 ppm)is considered high compared to that requiredby most ruminants. As such there have beenreports of copper toxicity in sheep fed highlevels of PKC in Malaysia. More than 75% ofPKC is cell wall component, which consist of35.2% mannose, 2.6% xylose, arabinose 1.1%,galactose 1.9%, lignin 15.1% and ash 5.0%(Cervero et al., 2010).In Malaysia, PKC is widely used as aningredient in rations for feedlot cattle, dairycows and buffaloes. Feedlot beef cattle aresometimes fed diets containing up to 80% PKCwith no negative effect provided that thesupply of Ca and vitamins (in particular A andE) are sufficient to meet their requirements(Wan Zahari and Alimon, 2003; Alimon,2004). The level of PKC in diets should not bemore than 85% to avoid occurrence ofmetabolic diseases such as acidosis. Grass orhay or other long fiber sources, such as grassesand hay, should be mixed at a level between 10to 15% in the total ration. In addition grasses orother forages will reduce the rate of passage ofPKC in the gastro-intestinal tract of theanimals in order to increase retention anddigestibility of nutrients. It is important toensure that the ratio of Ca : P in the rations iswithin 1 : 1 to 3 : 1 in order to overcomeskeletal deformities and mineral imbalances.Quite often, an imbalance of Ca : P ratio cancause urinary calculi in ruminants.Small ruminants such as sheep and goatscan be fed PKC based diets. However, becauseof the high Cu contents in PKC, care should be
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