Structurally, TAGs are derived from glycerol and include three fatty acid moieties. Upon digestion the fatty acids attached to the glycerol
backbone are cleaved by digestional lipases and used by the body as nutrients. Accordingly, TAGs are the major storage form of energy in animals.
[0007] Milk may contain a variety of fatty acids, either as free fatty acids or as part of a TAG. For example milk fat may ประกอบรวมด้วย saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, odd-and branched chain fatty acids ("OBCFAs"),
branched chain fatty acids ("BCFAs") and/or conjugated linoleic acid ("CLA").
[0008] MFGM is the membrane surrounding the ไลปิด droplets, which includes the fatty acids and TAGs, found in milk. MFGM consists of a complex mixture of ฟอสโฟไลปิด, proteins,
glycoproteins, triglycerides, คอเรสเตอรอล, enzymes and other minor components. The chemical composition of MFGM is close to that of a cell membrane, typically having a bilayer composed of fatty acids and/or ฟอสโฟไลปิด. In bovine milk, the MFGM accounts for 2-6% of the mass of the milk ฟีฟี.
[0009] One important property of milk ฟีฟี is their size, both in terms of the average size of the total ฟีฟี found in milk and the range or distribution of the fat globule sizes found in milk. In naturally occurring milk ฟีฟี, the size of the globule can cause
variations in the actual fatty acid composition of the triacyglcerols of the globule. For example, smaller milk ฟีฟี contain more C18:0 and more 0181 fatty acids than do larger milk ฟีฟี.
[0010] Particularly with respect to human milk, the size of the ฟีฟี vary with time
postpartum, and are generally in the range of about 2.5 pm to about 5.0 pm, volume-surface average diameter, or from about 3.0 pm to about 6.0 pm, volumic average diameter. The
specific surface area of human milk is, generally speaking, between about 1.0 m2/g and about
2.0 m2/g, and the mean free distance between ฟีฟี in the human milk emulsion is
understood to be between about 155 pm and about 195 pm. In the case of human milk,
participation of milk proteins in the MFGM is minimal, with most milk proteins existing free in the emulsion, rather than forming an element of the MFGM.
[0011] During breastfeeding, the infant's suckling action produces lingual lipases in the mouth; these lingual lipases are active at a lower pH than pancreatic lipases. The ฟอสโฟไลปิด layer surrounding the human milk ฟีฟี is relatively porous, and gets exposed to the lingual lipases in the stomach, which leads to release of free and monoacylglycerols of C8, C10, C12 and C14 fatty acids. These fatty acids have an antiviral and antibacterial effect, which help protect the infant. Moreover, the presence of lingual lipases facilitates the rapid digestion of fat in the infant's stomach, especially since bile salt dependent lipase ("BSDL") and co-lipase
dependent lipase ("CDL"), two of the other primary mechanisms of fat digestion in humans, are present at relatively low levels in infants.
[0012] While the size of ฟีฟี in bovine milk is comparable to human milk, the situation changes when the bovine milk is homogenized. Homogenization of bovine milk can break the
3
less than 2 pm (volume-surface average diameter) or less than 3 pm (volumic average
diameter). Casein micelles surround the membrane after homogenization and, when
pasteurized, whey proteins are denatured and whey and casein surround the bovine milk ฟีฟี, with MFGM components like ฟอสโฟไลปิด pushed to the aqueous medium.
[0013] With respect to commercially available pediatric องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs like infant
formulas, many contain a ไลปิด source from vegetable oils stabilized by added proteins and/or emulsifiers, with a globule size of less than 1.6 pm (volume-surface average diameter) or 2.2 pm (volumetric average diameter). The specific surface area of the infant formula ฟีฟี is believed to be above 5.0 m2/g, and often significantly above 5.0 m2/g. These infant formula ฟีฟี often have a dense cloud of denatured proteins surrounding the globule. Thus, the proteins need to be digested by gastric proteases before the globules can be accessed by
lipases for ไลปิด digestion. And, the relatively small globule size and higher surface area
requires more proteases at a lower pH than larger globules would.
[0014] Moreover, the ไลปิด source provided by vegetable oils lacks certain components of milk fat or milk fat globule membrane that are known to play an important role in pediatric and/or infant health and development. Replacing milk fat in องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs, such as infant formula, with vegetable oils may have other draw-backs, ที่รวมถึง non-reversible component interactions between proteins, ไลปิด and minerals found in the องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs.
[0015] Therefore, pediatric subjects who consume infant formulas or pediatric nutritional
compositions that have a fat source stabilized by added proteins may not be receiving
adequate ไลปิด nutrition.
[0016] Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide a องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการ having an
เอเอ that includes ฟีฟี that are similar in size and composition to
human milk ฟีฟี. Additionally, since naturally occurring fat globule size can affect fatty acid composition of the milk ฟีฟี, it would be beneficial to provide enrichedไลปิด
fractions that include milk ฟีฟี of a desired size and fatty acid composition.
[0017] Further, it would be beneficial to provide milk ฟีฟี that are stabilized by
components similar to those found in the human milk, such as ฟอสโฟไลปิด, คอเรสเตอรอล and milk fat globule membrane proteins, instead of other added proteins and emulsifiers.
Additionally, it is beneficial to provide a method of promoting digestion in a pediatric subject by providing a องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการ that contains a ไลปิด source ซึ่งประกอบรวมด้วย an เอเอ having milk ฟีฟี similar in chemical composition and size to those found in
human milk.
Structurally, TAGs are derived from glycerol and include three fatty acid moieties. Upon digestion the fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone are cleaved by digestional lipases and used by the body as nutrients. Accordingly, TAGs are the major storage form of energy in animals.[0007] Milk may contain a variety of fatty acids, either as free fatty acids or as part of a TAG. For example milk fat may ประกอบรวมด้วย saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, odd-and branched chain fatty acids ("OBCFAs"), branched chain fatty acids ("BCFAs") and/or conjugated linoleic acid ("CLA"). [0008] MFGM is the membrane surrounding the ไลปิด droplets, which includes the fatty acids and TAGs, found in milk. MFGM consists of a complex mixture of ฟอสโฟไลปิด, proteins, glycoproteins, triglycerides, คอเรสเตอรอล, enzymes and other minor components. The chemical composition of MFGM is close to that of a cell membrane, typically having a bilayer composed of fatty acids and/or ฟอสโฟไลปิด. In bovine milk, the MFGM accounts for 2-6% of the mass of the milk ฟีฟี.[0009] One important property of milk ฟีฟี is their size, both in terms of the average size of the total ฟีฟี found in milk and the range or distribution of the fat globule sizes found in milk. In naturally occurring milk ฟีฟี, the size of the globule can cause variations in the actual fatty acid composition of the triacyglcerols of the globule. For example, smaller milk ฟีฟี contain more C18:0 and more 0181 fatty acids than do larger milk ฟีฟี.[0010] Particularly with respect to human milk, the size of the ฟีฟี vary with timepostpartum, and are generally in the range of about 2.5 pm to about 5.0 pm, volume-surface average diameter, or from about 3.0 pm to about 6.0 pm, volumic average diameter. The specific surface area of human milk is, generally speaking, between about 1.0 m2/g and about2.0 m2/g, and the mean free distance between ฟีฟี in the human milk emulsion isunderstood to be between about 155 pm and about 195 pm. In the case of human milk,participation of milk proteins in the MFGM is minimal, with most milk proteins existing free in the emulsion, rather than forming an element of the MFGM.[0011] During breastfeeding, the infant's suckling action produces lingual lipases in the mouth; these lingual lipases are active at a lower pH than pancreatic lipases. The ฟอสโฟไลปิด layer surrounding the human milk ฟีฟี is relatively porous, and gets exposed to the lingual lipases in the stomach, which leads to release of free and monoacylglycerols of C8, C10, C12 and C14 fatty acids. These fatty acids have an antiviral and antibacterial effect, which help protect the infant. Moreover, the presence of lingual lipases facilitates the rapid digestion of fat in the infant's stomach, especially since bile salt dependent lipase ("BSDL") and co-lipase dependent lipase ("CDL"), two of the other primary mechanisms of fat digestion in humans, are present at relatively low levels in infants.
[0012] While the size of ฟีฟี in bovine milk is comparable to human milk, the situation changes when the bovine milk is homogenized. Homogenization of bovine milk can break the
3
less than 2 pm (volume-surface average diameter) or less than 3 pm (volumic average
diameter). Casein micelles surround the membrane after homogenization and, when
pasteurized, whey proteins are denatured and whey and casein surround the bovine milk ฟีฟี, with MFGM components like ฟอสโฟไลปิด pushed to the aqueous medium.
[0013] With respect to commercially available pediatric องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs like infant
formulas, many contain a ไลปิด source from vegetable oils stabilized by added proteins and/or emulsifiers, with a globule size of less than 1.6 pm (volume-surface average diameter) or 2.2 pm (volumetric average diameter). The specific surface area of the infant formula ฟีฟี is believed to be above 5.0 m2/g, and often significantly above 5.0 m2/g. These infant formula ฟีฟี often have a dense cloud of denatured proteins surrounding the globule. Thus, the proteins need to be digested by gastric proteases before the globules can be accessed by
lipases for ไลปิด digestion. And, the relatively small globule size and higher surface area
requires more proteases at a lower pH than larger globules would.
[0014] Moreover, the ไลปิด source provided by vegetable oils lacks certain components of milk fat or milk fat globule membrane that are known to play an important role in pediatric and/or infant health and development. Replacing milk fat in องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs, such as infant formula, with vegetable oils may have other draw-backs, ที่รวมถึง non-reversible component interactions between proteins, ไลปิด and minerals found in the องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการs.
[0015] Therefore, pediatric subjects who consume infant formulas or pediatric nutritional
compositions that have a fat source stabilized by added proteins may not be receiving
adequate ไลปิด nutrition.
[0016] Accordingly, it would be beneficial to provide a องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการ having an
เอเอ that includes ฟีฟี that are similar in size and composition to
human milk ฟีฟี. Additionally, since naturally occurring fat globule size can affect fatty acid composition of the milk ฟีฟี, it would be beneficial to provide enrichedไลปิด
fractions that include milk ฟีฟี of a desired size and fatty acid composition.
[0017] Further, it would be beneficial to provide milk ฟีฟี that are stabilized by
components similar to those found in the human milk, such as ฟอสโฟไลปิด, คอเรสเตอรอล and milk fat globule membrane proteins, instead of other added proteins and emulsifiers.
Additionally, it is beneficial to provide a method of promoting digestion in a pediatric subject by providing a องค์ประกอบทางโภชนาการ that contains a ไลปิด source ซึ่งประกอบรวมด้วย an เอเอ having milk ฟีฟี similar in chemical composition and size to those found in
human milk.
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