using vasopressors, targeting a MAPP 65 mmHg is an
accepted clinical end point for most patients.8 An important
caveat is that higher MAPs may be required in patients with
chronic hypertension and lower MAPs may be tolerated in
young patients.8 Ideally, fluid resuscitation (CVP P8 cm
H2O) should occur prior to the use of vasopressors, however,
patients in shock may require them to be started sooner.8
There are several options for choice of vasopressor agent.
In the Rivers study, dopamine and norepinephrine were
used.21 In a recent, multicenter trial comparing norepinephrine
and dopamine, both were deemed equally efficacious at reversing
hypotension and there was no significant difference in mortality,
though there were more arrhythmias in the dopamine
group.36 The authors concluded that norepinephrine is
superior in the setting of sepsis.36
In patients with refractory hypotension despite fluid resuscitation
and norepinephrine administration, vasopressin may
be added at low doses of 0.03 units per minute and has been
shown to have beneficial hemodynamic and renal function
effects.37 Epinephrine and phenylephrine are alternative additions
to norepinephrine.8
The newest consensus guidelines recommend norepinephrine
as the first-line vasopressor, while epinephrine and vasopressin
are possible additions. Dopamine is recommended
against being used except in highly select circumstances, such
as relative bradycardia.8
In resource-limited settings, vasopressors should be initiated
once patients are believed to be adequately fluid resuscitated.
If available, norepinephrine is preferred, followed by
epinephrine and/or vasopressin. Dopamine and phenylephrine
may be used if no other agent is available
using vasopressors, targeting a MAPP 65 mmHg is anaccepted clinical end point for most patients.8 An importantcaveat is that higher MAPs may be required in patients withchronic hypertension and lower MAPs may be tolerated inyoung patients.8 Ideally, fluid resuscitation (CVP P8 cmH2O) should occur prior to the use of vasopressors, however,patients in shock may require them to be started sooner.8There are several options for choice of vasopressor agent.In the Rivers study, dopamine and norepinephrine wereused.21 In a recent, multicenter trial comparing norepinephrineand dopamine, both were deemed equally efficacious at reversinghypotension and there was no significant difference in mortality,though there were more arrhythmias in the dopaminegroup.36 The authors concluded that norepinephrine issuperior in the setting of sepsis.36In patients with refractory hypotension despite fluid resuscitationand norepinephrine administration, vasopressin maybe added at low doses of 0.03 units per minute and has beenshown to have beneficial hemodynamic and renal functioneffects.37 Epinephrine and phenylephrine are alternative additionsto norepinephrine.8The newest consensus guidelines recommend norepinephrineas the first-line vasopressor, while epinephrine and vasopressinare possible additions. Dopamine is recommendedagainst being used except in highly select circumstances, suchas relative bradycardia.8In resource-limited settings, vasopressors should be initiatedonce patients are believed to be adequately fluid resuscitated.If available, norepinephrine is preferred, followed byepinephrine and/or vasopressin. Dopamine and phenylephrinemay be used if no other agent is available
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