Closely related, the sites of collective decision making are increasingly differentiated. In the developed democracies, markets and market-oriented entities are likely to continue to function as the dynamic sources of change. Governments are increasingly agile
at channeling market forces and incentives, as are civil society organizations. In many cases, these developments dramatically shift the locus of collective decisions away from state- centric models of planning—those that can gather, as it were, sovereignty from the people in order to act in their name—and toward governance models. These issue-based and policy-driven networks of government actors and stakeholders are often more effective than bureaucracies accountable to legislatures, but they lack formal legitimacy and clear representative accountability to those affected by decisions.The landscape of democratic representation is also clouded by the growing complexity of issues, which increasingly strains the powers of representative agents, and thus their capacities to stand for and act on the interests of those they represent. There is the familiar technical and scientific complexity that comes with the vast amounts of information and high levels of technology involved in most pub- lic decisions (Zolo 1992, Brown 2006, Beck 1997), which is often compounded by the political complexity that comes with multiple and overlapping constituencies (Andeweg 2003).
As a consequence of these developments, the standard account has been stretched to the breaking point. Among the most fundamental of problems, ironically, is the very element that ushered in democratic representation— residency-based electoral representation. The claim of any state to represent its citizens— its claim to sovereignty on behalf of the people—is contestable, not because states do not encompass peoples, but because collective issues only partially admit of this kind of constituency definition. Electoral representation continues to provide an ultimate reference for state power. But whereas Burke (1968, cf. Manin 1997) imagined that representatives could monopolize considered opinion about public purpose through the use of deliberative judgment, representative assemblies to- day must reach ever further to gather political legitimacy for their decisions. Judging by the declining trust in governments generally and legislative bodies in particular, representative claims based on territorial constituencies (under the standard model) continue to weaken (Pharr & Putnam 2000, Dalton 2004). Electoral representation remains crucial in constituting the will of the people, but the claims of elected officials to act in the name of the people are increasingly segmented by issues and subject to broader contestation and deliberation by actors and entities that likewise make representative claims. Political judgments that were once linked to state sovereignty through electoral representation are now much more widely dispersed, and the spaces for representative claims and dis- courses are now relatively wide open (Urbinati 2006). In complex and broadly democratic societies, representation is a target of competing claims.
สัมพันธ์ เว็บไซต์ของการตัดสินใจรวมขึ้นทั่ว เหมือน ๆ พัฒนา ตลาดและตีตลาดเป็นแนวโน้มที่จะยังคงเป็นแหล่งแบบไดนามิกของการเปลี่ยนแปลง รัฐบาลจะคล่องตัวมากขึ้นที่เจาะกลไกตลาดและแรงจูงใจ เป็นองค์กรภาคประชาสังคม ในหลายกรณี พัฒนาเหล่านี้อย่างมากกะโลกัสโพลรวมตัดสินใจจากรัฐ - เกี่ยวกับโมเดลการวางแผน – ที่สามารถรวบรวม มัน were อำนาจอธิปไตยจากประชาชนเพื่อดำเนินการในชื่อของพวกเขา — และเปรียบ เทียบรูปแบบการกำกับดูแลกิจการ เครือข่ายเหล่านี้ขึ้นอยู่ กับปัญหา และขับ เคลื่อนนโยบายของรัฐบาลนักแสดงและมีส่วนได้เสียมักเพิ่มเติมมีประสิทธิภาพกว่า bureaucracies รับผิดชอบต่อ legislatures แต่พวกเขาขาดอย่างชอบธรรม และล้างความรับผิดชอบตัวแทนที่ได้รับผลกระทบจากการตัดสินใจภูมิทัศน์ของการนำเสนอประชาธิปไตยยังได้เสือลายเมฆ โดยซับซ้อนปัญหา เติบโตที่มากขึ้น strains อำนาจของตัวแทนพนักงาน และดังนั้น พวกเขากำลังยืนสำหรับ และดำเนินการกับผลประโยชน์ของพวกเขาเหล่านั้นแทน ซับซ้อนคุ้นเคยทางเทคนิค และทางวิทยาศาสตร์ที่มีจำนวนข้อมูลมากมายและระดับสูงของเทคโนโลยีส่วนใหญ่ผับ lic ตัดสิน (Zolo 1992, 2006 น้ำตาล เบ็ค 1997), ซึ่งมักจะเพิ่มตามความซับซ้อนทางการเมืองที่มาพร้อมกับหลาย ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ และชุมชน (Andeweg 2003) ที่ทับซ้อน ได้As a consequence of these developments, the standard account has been stretched to the breaking point. Among the most fundamental of problems, ironically, is the very element that ushered in democratic representation— residency-based electoral representation. The claim of any state to represent its citizens— its claim to sovereignty on behalf of the people—is contestable, not because states do not encompass peoples, but because collective issues only partially admit of this kind of constituency definition. Electoral representation continues to provide an ultimate reference for state power. But whereas Burke (1968, cf. Manin 1997) imagined that representatives could monopolize considered opinion about public purpose through the use of deliberative judgment, representative assemblies to- day must reach ever further to gather political legitimacy for their decisions. Judging by the declining trust in governments generally and legislative bodies in particular, representative claims based on territorial constituencies (under the standard model) continue to weaken (Pharr & Putnam 2000, Dalton 2004). Electoral representation remains crucial in constituting the will of the people, but the claims of elected officials to act in the name of the people are increasingly segmented by issues and subject to broader contestation and deliberation by actors and entities that likewise make representative claims. Political judgments that were once linked to state sovereignty through electoral representation are now much more widely dispersed, and the spaces for representative claims and dis- courses are now relatively wide open (Urbinati 2006). In complex and broadly democratic societies, representation is a target of competing claims.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

Closely related, the sites of collective decision making are increasingly differentiated. In the developed democracies, markets and market-oriented entities are likely to continue to function as the dynamic sources of change. Governments are increasingly agile
at channeling market forces and incentives, as are civil society organizations. In many cases, these developments dramatically shift the locus of collective decisions away from state- centric models of planning—those that can gather, as it were, sovereignty from the people in order to act in their name—and toward governance models. These issue-based and policy-driven networks of government actors and stakeholders are often more effective than bureaucracies accountable to legislatures, but they lack formal legitimacy and clear representative accountability to those affected by decisions.The landscape of democratic representation is also clouded by the growing complexity of issues, which increasingly strains the powers of representative agents, and thus their capacities to stand for and act on the interests of those they represent. There is the familiar technical and scientific complexity that comes with the vast amounts of information and high levels of technology involved in most pub- lic decisions (Zolo 1992, Brown 2006, Beck 1997), which is often compounded by the political complexity that comes with multiple and overlapping constituencies (Andeweg 2003).
As a consequence of these developments, the standard account has been stretched to the breaking point. Among the most fundamental of problems, ironically, is the very element that ushered in democratic representation— residency-based electoral representation. The claim of any state to represent its citizens— its claim to sovereignty on behalf of the people—is contestable, not because states do not encompass peoples, but because collective issues only partially admit of this kind of constituency definition. Electoral representation continues to provide an ultimate reference for state power. But whereas Burke (1968, cf. Manin 1997) imagined that representatives could monopolize considered opinion about public purpose through the use of deliberative judgment, representative assemblies to- day must reach ever further to gather political legitimacy for their decisions. Judging by the declining trust in governments generally and legislative bodies in particular, representative claims based on territorial constituencies (under the standard model) continue to weaken (Pharr & Putnam 2000, Dalton 2004). Electoral representation remains crucial in constituting the will of the people, but the claims of elected officials to act in the name of the people are increasingly segmented by issues and subject to broader contestation and deliberation by actors and entities that likewise make representative claims. Political judgments that were once linked to state sovereignty through electoral representation are now much more widely dispersed, and the spaces for representative claims and dis- courses are now relatively wide open (Urbinati 2006). In complex and broadly democratic societies, representation is a target of competing claims.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
