Dundon et al. 31
Table 3. Integrating multi-level power, regulation and I&C practices.
Regulatory space
occupied
Lukes’ faces of
power
Examples of reported social processes,
mechanism and I&C practices
Macro-level findings
Content of the I&C
Directive
1st face Negotiated tripartite agreement (UK
only)
2nd face Employers lobbying government to
promote business interests (UK and
ROI)
3rd face Ideological values to limit collective
I&C in favour of direct mechanism
(UK and ROI)
Transposition of national
(domestic) regulation
1st face Public consultation and submitted
actor preferences on transposition
regulations (UK and ROI)
2nd face Persuasion to support individual over
collective I&C practices in transposed
national regulations (UK and ROI)
3rd face Ideological collusion between state
and employers (ROI only) to exclude
unions
Micro-level findings
BritCo 1st face Blatant refusal to recognize unions
(ROI only)
2nd face Promote alternative NER arrangement
to union consultation in ROI, while
bargaining with unions in NI
3rd face Partial evidence of 3rd face found:
ideology of non-unionism (ROI)
RetailCo 1st face Little or no direct evidence found of
1st face
2nd face Bottom–Up NER forum as alternative
to collective (union) voice (NI and
ROI)
3rd face Ideological values/culture of non-union
employee engagement (NI and ROI)
(positive-sum paternalism)
ConcreteCo 1st face Unilateral management decisionmaking
contrary to external/ICE
regulations (NI only)
2nd face Limited or no direct evidence found
of 2nd face
3rd face Fait accompli decision-based
consultation arrangements
(ROI and NI)