Hofstede and Hofstede (2005) studied a group of 60 senior business leaders from
East Asia and an equivalent group from the United States. Both groups were asked to
rank their work values. The top seven values chosen by the Asian leaders were "hard
work, respect for learning, honesty, openness to new ideas, accountability, self-discipline,
and self-reliance" (p. 219). The American leaders chose "freedom of expression, personal
freedom, self-reliance, individual rights, hard work, personal achievement, and thinking
of oneself' (p. 219). Hofstede and Hofstede found that managers of long-term oriented
cultures are allowed to build strong market positions at the expense of short-term results
(p. 219), whereas in short-term-oriented cultures the recent bottom line results are the
constant focus (p. 219).