Second, the extent and use of cleared land (rows two
through six of Table 1) in the study sites also differ
substantially from state-level patterns. At the state level,
cleared land is most commonly dedicated to pasture. At the
municipal level within the study area, secondary forest fallow
is the predominant land use, followed by pasture, annual
crops, and perennial crops. Smallholder land use mimics
municipal-level patterns, but pastures are less common
among smallholders. The area dedicated to annuals, fallow,
perennials, and pasture varies widely within the sample.
Although the Bragantina area has supported subsistence and
commercial agriculture for over a century, access to markets
still varies across municipalities and this varied access is a
major factor in determining land use patterns, especially for
perennials (mainly black pepper and passion fruit). For
example, Bragança is located furthest from the state capital
of Belém and has the smallest amount of land dedicated to