Other research such as Hyrax [14] where mobile devices themselves act as resource providers, are promising, but there are gaps in supporting a decentralized ad hoc cloud mechanism. For instance, Hyrax relies on a central server that is responsible for task allocation. While distributing computing frameworks such as Hadoop [40] are useful in laying the groundwork for such frameworks, they do not fully support decentralized task scheduling. Unlike in distributed processing, thorough cost–benefit analysis needs to be carried out when considering mobile resources. Except in MAUI [24], the cost of cost analysis has not been evaluated in many works, even though this is a valid concern when considering the low resources on mobile devices.