The typical domestic US HR manager does not have the contacts or networks that become necessary to learn about and handle the new international responsibilities. He or she doesn’t typically have any experience with the business and social protocols needed to interact successfully with foreign colleagues or with the forms of organizational structure used to pursue international strategies (such as joint ventures or cross-border acquisitions) (Briscoe & Schuler, 2004, p.29). Additionally, the still relatively limited body of literature and publicly available seminars and training programs make it much more difficult to develop the competencies needed to manage successfully the IHRM function (Briscoe & Schuler, 2004, p.29). 3