In GC, increasing the solubility of the vapor components of the sample in the stationary liquid
phase by decreasing the temperature may decrease C. The term C is also decreased by
decreasing the flow rate, allowing more time for equilibrium. In addition, it is minimized by
keeping the stationary liquid-phase film as thin as possible to minimize diffusion within this
phase. In LC, this term dominates due to the slow diffusion in the liquid mobile phase. It is
minimized by using small particles, thin stationary phase films, low-viscosity mobile phases,
and high temperatures.