The physical characteristics of baked cakes, including moisture,
water activity, cake volume, color, and texture profile analysis
(TPA), were analyzed following the method used in Lu et al. (2010).
The moisture, water activity, and cake volume analysis of baked
cakes was carried out in triplicate. The Hunter L, a, and b values of
crust and crumb, and TPA parameters were averaged from 10
replications.