Partnerships of various kinds also feed Middle East hubs, and between organic growth with selective code sharing, equity stakes in a range of out-of-region carriers, and traditional alliance membership, no single strategy has emerged as dominant. Each of these strategies creates opportunities to coordinate schedules across national boundaries, further enhancing the appeal of services connecting the Middle East.
The region’s low-cost carriers have also been innovative, reducing short-haul fares, setting up cross-border subsidiaries, and developing mobile booking portals to improve access
to air services. The business model is evolving as carriers broaden offerings to include business-class seating and as they expand networks into previously underserved areas,
such as the Commonwealth of Independent States.