Auckland, North Island
On Sunday night, New Zealand will run out at Eden Park as clear favourites to be crowned world champions for the second time.
Many rational judges cannot see them failing. Even if France do pull off one of the great upsets and deny them the Webb Ellis Cup, the All Blacks can still lay claim to being - historically, consistently - the best team in world rugby by a country mile.
Controversial stuff? Not really. Since the start of Test rugby, the All Blacks have a win percentage of almost 75%. No-one else gets close. Not South Africa at 62%, nor France at 55%. Certainly not England, Australia or Wales with 53%, 52% and 51% respectively.
How has one small nation dominated the sport for so long? What makes New Zealanders so good at rugby? And why, World Cup wins aside, is that supremacy actually growing? Since Graham Henry took charge of the national team in 2004, New Zealand's win percentage has climbed to a staggering 85%.
STARTING EARLY
Rugby grabs Kiwi kids young. Once it has a hold, it's not allowed to let go. Buck Anderson, former All Black, rugby teacher and coach, now heads the New Zealand Rugby Football Union's heavily funded community programmes. "Everything we do is about four key skills: catch, pass, run and evade," says Anderson.
A few years ago, Anderson found that 90% of primary school teachers in the country are female. Surveys showed that even those who enjoyed watching rugby were reluctant to teach it, partly for fear of kids getting hurt and partly because the rules are so complex.
The answer: Rippa Rugby, a non-contact, small-sided version of the game that can be played anywhere, by kids as young as three years old. Every single primary school in New Zealand has a grass playing field. After a five-year campaign, every primary school in the country also has a Rippa Rugby kit and instruction DVD.
"We've had year-on-year growth in the number of primary school kids playing rugby, and Rippa Rugby has been a really big driver in that," says Anderson. "The landscape for the hearts and souls of kids today is very competitive. There's an incredible range of opportunities out there for them. We had to ask ourselves how we could make rugby as easy to play and as fun as possible."
SOAKING IN HISTORY
Rugby has a dominant place in Kiwi culture to an extent that's unmatched in almost any other country in the world except, perhaps, Wales. In England, Scotland and France, there are significant geographical variations in rugby union playing and watching. In Ireland and Australia, it's traditionally a product of social background and schooling.
Professor Toni Bruce, from the University of Auckland, is New Zealand's leading sport sociologist. "We had early success at rugby at a time when nation building was a very important thing," she explains.
"The 1905 tour of Great Britain moved into mythological status, because it happened when Britain was the dominant force in world politics. New Zealand beating British teams at rugby was used by politicians to promote the virtues of the healthy, virile Kiwi lifestyle.
"Rugby was incredibly successful from then on. The seed took root and grew. Early New Zealand culture was very masculine - there was a high proportion of males to females - so it's not surprising that so male a sport became so central in society. The rugby club became the essence of most small communities. Whether you were interested in the sport or not, everyone went to the club. It became a de facto community centre."
DEVELOPING FAST
Once bitten by the bug, kids are fed through a carefully designed series of programmes, starting at the age of five with the ingeniously named Small Blacks. "We try to line up the skills required with the ability of the kids to perform those skills," says Anderson.
Between the ages of five and seven, there are no set pieces, no tackling and no kicking. Aged eight onwards, defence skills are introduced - "We teach them to watch the hips, not the ball or the feet; where the hips go, the player follows" - with non-pushing scrums, catching above the head to develop line-out skills and limited post-tackle drills. The pitch is still small while the ball is no bigger than a size three.
Only from 11 do kids take part in 15-a-side games - and even then it is all about ball in hand. Penalties result in possession being handed over, rather than kicks at goal.
PUSHING ON HARD
Rugby is taught in both state and private schools. The quality of coaching there, as my colleague Ben Dirs found out when he visited Rotorua Boys' High a few weeks ago, is both impressive and prioritised. But the education system is only one part of the rugby development programme.
Kel Victor is president of the prestigious High School Old Boys club in Christchurch, which has produced 30 All Blacks in its 110-year history, including Justin Marshall, Andrew Mehrtens, Aaron Mauger and Dan Carter.
"We have kids here from three years old," he says. "They play Canter rugby, which is like touch rugby - no tackling allowed, teams of no more than 10, a point for a try. There is a much bigger emphasis on running the ball rather than kicking it. That structure is bred into them - get the wingers involved, get the full-backs running into the backline.
"The standard in the club game is very high. There are 12 teams in the metropolitan region and another union in the country region. Six of them are very strong, with not much difference between them. It's very competitive and helps develop good players."
THE CULTURE
The grip that rugby has on the national psyche has waned at times over the years, never more so than when an All Blacks team hosted an apartheid-era Springboks touring team in 1981. The success of the national football team, the All Whites, at the last World Cup also loosened rugby's grip - but only slightly and only briefly.
"Traditionally, there has been a fundamental insecurity in New Zealand national identity," says Professor Bruce. "We are constantly searching for who we are and where we are in the world. Sport is one of very few places where New Zealand has excelled on the world stage and so our internationally successful athletes always get a high level of publicity."
Victor, part of the Old Boys' club for over 50 years, agrees. "Rugby has a huge niche in a small nation here," he says. "It dominates all other sports. Everybody knows somebody who knows somebody who knows an All Black. The best thing you can be is a rugby success. If you're a good player, careers open up in other fields."
Turn on the television on a Saturday morning and there, on the free-to-air TV2, is a programme called Small Blacks TV. It speaks volumes for the continued place of the All Blacks in the affection of the nations.
Current wing Richard Kahui demonstrates healthy eating in an item called Cooking With Kaks, Conrad Smith reads the latest news with the tagline 'Stay onside, New Zealand.' Piri Weepu presents Maori lessons in A Word With Piri, while Dan Carter teaches tricks in DC Skills. The final segment? A game of 'Who's Brainier - All Black or Small Black?'
THE BIG STUFF
So much for the finer detail. When you look up from the research and history books at the physical environment around you, it's hard to miss what's staring you in the face.
"Our climate and landscape is so conducive to kids running around," says Anderson. "Most houses have a back yard where a kid can fling a ball around and every town or village has open green fields. That's a major advantage for us."
Stroll around any New Zealand town and you soon notice something very striking to British eyes. Where kids back home will be kicking a football around, or a tennis ball, or even a squashed-up drinks can, Kiwi children will have a rugby ball in their hands.
"That constant playing with the ball as a child is often how you learn the key skills in the game," says Anderson. "Kids walking home from school will be trying new passes or skills to impress their mates. You go to the park or the beach in New Zealand, and the first game everyone will play is touch rugby.
"New Zealand is also blessed with a wonderful genetic mix for rugby. In addition to the European influence, you can add in the size and attitude of the Maori and now the speed and power of the Polynesian islanders."
THE FUTURE
All is not entirely rosy in the Kiwi garden, however. There is, for example, a high drop-off rate once players get to their late teens. "We can't take anything for granted," admits Anderson. "We're a country of just four million people and we need to attract the top sporting talent - give them the skills and keep them in the game."
Other nations have detailed kids' development structures. Some have a flourishing professional club structure. Others have big-name players who are huge stars, recognised wherever they go. But only one country has everything that those rivals have - and that 75% win ratio on top.
โอ๊คแลนด์ เกาะเหนือคืนวันอาทิตย์ นิวซีแลนด์จะรันออกสวน Eden เป็นรายการโปรดชัดเจนเป็น แชมป์เปี้ยนโลกมกุฎเป็นครั้งที่สองผู้พิพากษาเชือดหลายไม่เห็นพวกเขาล้มเหลวได้ แม้ว่าฝรั่งเศสยกเลิก upsets ดีอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง และปฏิเสธถ้วยเวบบ์เอลลิส ดำทั้งหมดสามารถยังคงวางเรียกร้องการ - ประวัติ อย่างสม่ำเสมอ - ดีสุดทีมในโลกรักบี้ โดยไมล์ประเทศสิ่งที่แย้งหรือไม่ ไม่เท่าไร ตั้งแต่เริ่มทดสอบรักบี้ ดำทั้งหมดมีเปอร์เซ็นต์ชนะเกือบ 75% ไม่มีใครอื่นจะปิด ไม่แอฟริกาใต้ที่ 62% และฝรั่งเศสที่ 55% ไม่แน่นอนอังกฤษ ออสเตรเลีย หรือเวลส์กับ 52%, 53% และ 51% ตามลำดับว่ามีประเทศเล็ก ๆ หนึ่งครอบงำกีฬาสำหรับนาน สิ่งที่ทำให้ซึ้งใหม่ดีที่รักบี้ และทำไม เวิลด์คัพชนะเฉย มไหศวรรย์ที่เติบโตจริง หรือไม่ ตั้งแต่แกรแฮมเฮนรี่เอาธรรมเนียมของทีมชาติในปี 2004 เปอร์เซ็นต์ชนะของนิวซีแลนด์ได้ปีนขึ้นไป 85% ส่ายเริ่มต้นก่อนรักบี้ grabs กีวีเด็กหนุ่ม เมื่อมีการค้าง มีไม่อนุญาตให้ปล่อย ตอนนี้บัคแอนเดอร์สัน ดำทั้งหมด รักบี้ครู และ โค้ช อดีตหัวหน้าโครงการชุมชนที่ได้รับการสนับสนุนอย่างมากนิวซีแลนด์รักบี้ฟุตบอลยูเนียนของ "จึงเป็นทักษะสำคัญ ๔: จับ ผ่าน เรียกใช้ และหลีก เลี่ยง, " แอนเดอร์สันกล่าวว่ากี่ปีที่ผ่านมา แอนเดอร์สันพบว่า 90% ของครูประถมศึกษาในประเทศเป็นผู้หญิง สำรวจพบว่า แม้กระทั่งผู้ที่ชอบดูรักบี้ไม่สอน for fear of เด็กที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บบางส่วนและบางส่วนได้เนื่องจากกฎซับซ้อนคำตอบ: Rippa รักบี้ -ติดต่อ หน้าเล็กรุ่นเกมที่สามารถเล่นได้ทุกที่ โดยเด็กหนุ่มสาวที่อายุ 3 ปี ทุกโรงเรียนเดียวในนิวซีแลนด์มีเขตเล่นหญ้า หลังจากส่งเสริมการขาย 5 ปี ทุกโรงเรียนในประเทศยังได้ชุดรักบี้ Rippa และคำแนะนำดีวีดี"เราได้เติบโตในปีในจำนวนเด็กประถมเล่นรักบี้ และ Rippa รักบี้แล้วไดรเวอร์ขนาดใหญ่ในที่ กล่าวว่า แอนเดอร์สัน "ภูมิทัศน์สำหรับหัวใจและวิญญาณของเด็กวันนี้ได้มีการแข่งขันสูง มีโอกาสออกมีสำหรับพวกเขาที่มากมาย เลยถามตัวเองว่าเราสามารถทำรักบี้ เป็นเล่นง่าย และสนุกที่สุด "ชมประวัติศาสตร์รักบี้ได้โดดเด่นในวัฒนธรรมกีวี่ขนาดไม่ตรงกันในเกือบทุกประเทศในโลกยกเว้น บางที เวลส์ ในอังกฤษ สกอตแลนด์ และฝรั่งเศส มีรูปแบบทางภูมิศาสตร์ที่สำคัญในรักบี้ยูเนียนเล่น และดู ในไอร์แลนด์และออสเตรเลีย เป็นประเพณีสินค้าพื้นหลังทางสังคมและการศึกษาศาสตราจารย์ Toni บรูซ จากมหาวิทยาลัยรีด เป็น sociologist กีฬาชั้นนำของนิวซีแลนด์ "เราได้สำเร็จก่อนที่รักบี้ครั้งเมื่อสร้างชาติเป็นสิ่งที่สำคัญมาก เธออธิบาย"ทัวร์ 1905 แห่งบริเตนใหญ่ย้ายเข้าในสถานะตำนาน เนื่องจากมันเกิดขึ้นเมื่อ กองทัพหลักในการเมืองโลกสหราชอาณาจักร ตีทีมอังกฤษที่รักบี้นิวซีแลนด์ถูกใช้ โดยนักการเมืองเพื่อส่งเสริมคุณค่าของชีวิตกีวี่เพื่อสุขภาพ virile"Rugby was incredibly successful from then on. The seed took root and grew. Early New Zealand culture was very masculine - there was a high proportion of males to females - so it's not surprising that so male a sport became so central in society. The rugby club became the essence of most small communities. Whether you were interested in the sport or not, everyone went to the club. It became a de facto community centre."DEVELOPING FASTOnce bitten by the bug, kids are fed through a carefully designed series of programmes, starting at the age of five with the ingeniously named Small Blacks. "We try to line up the skills required with the ability of the kids to perform those skills," says Anderson.Between the ages of five and seven, there are no set pieces, no tackling and no kicking. Aged eight onwards, defence skills are introduced - "We teach them to watch the hips, not the ball or the feet; where the hips go, the player follows" - with non-pushing scrums, catching above the head to develop line-out skills and limited post-tackle drills. The pitch is still small while the ball is no bigger than a size three.Only from 11 do kids take part in 15-a-side games - and even then it is all about ball in hand. Penalties result in possession being handed over, rather than kicks at goal.PUSHING ON HARDRugby is taught in both state and private schools. The quality of coaching there, as my colleague Ben Dirs found out when he visited Rotorua Boys' High a few weeks ago, is both impressive and prioritised. But the education system is only one part of the rugby development programme.Kel Victor is president of the prestigious High School Old Boys club in Christchurch, which has produced 30 All Blacks in its 110-year history, including Justin Marshall, Andrew Mehrtens, Aaron Mauger and Dan Carter."We have kids here from three years old," he says. "They play Canter rugby, which is like touch rugby - no tackling allowed, teams of no more than 10, a point for a try. There is a much bigger emphasis on running the ball rather than kicking it. That structure is bred into them - get the wingers involved, get the full-backs running into the backline."The standard in the club game is very high. There are 12 teams in the metropolitan region and another union in the country region. Six of them are very strong, with not much difference between them. It's very competitive and helps develop good players."THE CULTUREThe grip that rugby has on the national psyche has waned at times over the years, never more so than when an All Blacks team hosted an apartheid-era Springboks touring team in 1981. The success of the national football team, the All Whites, at the last World Cup also loosened rugby's grip - but only slightly and only briefly.
"Traditionally, there has been a fundamental insecurity in New Zealand national identity," says Professor Bruce. "We are constantly searching for who we are and where we are in the world. Sport is one of very few places where New Zealand has excelled on the world stage and so our internationally successful athletes always get a high level of publicity."
Victor, part of the Old Boys' club for over 50 years, agrees. "Rugby has a huge niche in a small nation here," he says. "It dominates all other sports. Everybody knows somebody who knows somebody who knows an All Black. The best thing you can be is a rugby success. If you're a good player, careers open up in other fields."
Turn on the television on a Saturday morning and there, on the free-to-air TV2, is a programme called Small Blacks TV. It speaks volumes for the continued place of the All Blacks in the affection of the nations.
Current wing Richard Kahui demonstrates healthy eating in an item called Cooking With Kaks, Conrad Smith reads the latest news with the tagline 'Stay onside, New Zealand.' Piri Weepu presents Maori lessons in A Word With Piri, while Dan Carter teaches tricks in DC Skills. The final segment? A game of 'Who's Brainier - All Black or Small Black?'
THE BIG STUFF
So much for the finer detail. When you look up from the research and history books at the physical environment around you, it's hard to miss what's staring you in the face.
"Our climate and landscape is so conducive to kids running around," says Anderson. "Most houses have a back yard where a kid can fling a ball around and every town or village has open green fields. That's a major advantage for us."
Stroll around any New Zealand town and you soon notice something very striking to British eyes. Where kids back home will be kicking a football around, or a tennis ball, or even a squashed-up drinks can, Kiwi children will have a rugby ball in their hands.
"That constant playing with the ball as a child is often how you learn the key skills in the game," says Anderson. "Kids walking home from school will be trying new passes or skills to impress their mates. You go to the park or the beach in New Zealand, and the first game everyone will play is touch rugby.
"New Zealand is also blessed with a wonderful genetic mix for rugby. In addition to the European influence, you can add in the size and attitude of the Maori and now the speed and power of the Polynesian islanders."
THE FUTURE
All is not entirely rosy in the Kiwi garden, however. There is, for example, a high drop-off rate once players get to their late teens. "We can't take anything for granted," admits Anderson. "We're a country of just four million people and we need to attract the top sporting talent - give them the skills and keep them in the game."
Other nations have detailed kids' development structures. Some have a flourishing professional club structure. Others have big-name players who are huge stars, recognised wherever they go. But only one country has everything that those rivals have - and that 75% win ratio on top.
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