Cell Wall Peptidoglycans: Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria possess cell wall peptidoglycans, which confer the characteristic cell shape and provide the cell with mechanical protection. Peptidoglycans are unique to prokaryotic organisms and consist of a glycan backbone of muramic acid and glucosamine (both N-acetylated), and peptide chains highly cross-linked with bridges in Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) or partially cross-linked in Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli). The cross-linking transpeptidase enzymes are some of the targets for b-lactam antibiotics.