Subjects and methods
Study subjects
The study subjects consisted of 2,733 women, aged 15–49
years, who received PPIUCDs in sixteen health facilities, all
hospitals, located in eight states (Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Madhyaradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand) and the National Capital Territory (Delhi) in
India between January 2011 and December 2012. Hospitals
were selected by convenience, based upon where Jhpiego
programs had trained personnel in the provision of
PPIUCDs with funding from the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID)’s Maternal
Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP) and the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). All women who received
a PPIUCD and were married were invited to participate
in the study. Women were enrolled in the study
after standardized oral consent in the local language. Participants
were interviewed prior to discharge after receiving
a PPIUCD and then six weeks later.