History-taking forms the cornerstone of evaluation.3e5 Information
obtained from history can be supplemented using a bladder
diary, which records information regarding time and volume of
each voiding, output, incontinence and episodes of urgency
(Figure 3). However, the extent of incomplete bladder emptying
cannot be predicted from the history or clinical examination, and
it is important to estimate the post-void residual urine using
ultrasonography or catheterization.6 In patients known to be at
risk of upper tract disease, ultrasonography should be performed
periodically.