The urban water is one important sector in the anthroposphere and shows growing interest for how to optimize the
so-called water/energy/carbon nexus. The urban water cycle (UWC) has to be studied in its entirety – from the
upstream raw water extraction to the downstream discharge of treated wastewater – to get the needed understanding
of its system-wide contribution to energy efficiency and climate change. The method applied to perform this study
are Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).