Live LAB have been shown to be effective adjuvants to improve the immune responses against respiratory pathogens . In vitro, L. rhamnosus can inhibit S. pneumoniae adherence to human epithelial cells . Ingestion of LAB reduces nasal colonization by S. pneumoniae in humans . Oral administration of L. lactis in mice can improve clearance of pathogens from the lungs, reduce lung injuries, and increase survival of mice against S. pneumoniae infection . The mechanism is related to an up-regulation of the respiratory innate and specific immune responses, like improved production of TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, enhanced recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces, increased activation of BAL phagocytes, and improved production of BAL IL-4 and IL-10 . These responses stimulate the IgA cycle, increase IgA+ cells in the intestine and bronchus, and increase BAL anti-pneumococcal IgA and IgG levels . Nasal administration of L. fermentum in mice can increase protective responses against S. pneumoniae challenge by stimulation of neutrophil activity or by the increase of the number of activated macrophages and lymphocyte populations in the tracheal lamina propria