In the logistic regression model, shoulder
dystocia, GDM, multiparity, gestational age .42 weeks, protracted labor, short second stage of labor and fetal birth weight
greater than 4250 grams increased the risk of CF independently. Shoulder dystocia and protracted labor were
independently associated with BPI when controlled for other factors. Among neonates with BPI whose injury was not
associated with shoulder dystocia, five (12.2%) sustained permanent injury, whereas one neonate (4.5%) with BPI following
shoulder dystocia sustained permanent injury (p = 0.34).