1 The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales was incorporated by Royal Charter granted by
Her Majesty Queen Victoria on 11th May 1880. The Royal Charter remained unaltered for sixty-eight years until
21st December 1948 when the Institute was granted a Supplemental Charter by His Majesty King George VI,
following the presentation of a petition in terms approved by a special meeting of members on 21st April 1948. A
new set of bye-laws (as appended to the draft charter annexed to the petition) came into operation with the grant of
the 1948 Supplemental Charter, the bye-laws previously in force then ceasing to operate.