Careful attention to the planning aspects of the project should help to ensure a
smooth justification process. However, the problem of forecasting the time that it
will take to break the functional gridlock and encourage the involvement of all
concerned operators will still remain. In the four projects covered in this study,
most of the time overruns were due to personnel and team problems not directly
related to the technology. It is these types of problems that smaller companies
must avoid. Hence, executive management and divisional management must
focus on developing effective communication and team building skills to create a
climate for these multi-layered project teams to thrive.