In line with the above definitional categories, the foundational elements of HRD
include OD, T&D, and career development (CD; McLagan, 1983). While CD is
largely external to the organizational context, OD and T&D are HRD interventions
that focus within the organizational context and seek to provide and develop the central
skills to increase firm performance. As our theoretical article examines HRD organizational
interventions that promote the skills and perspectives needed for service
firm employees to successfully interact with customers across cultures to enhance the
perceptions of service quality, our model focuses on OD and T&D.