We will start with the probability that a student takes any of the classes, at all P (S ∪ F ∪ G) and from it subtract off,, The areas that are not shaded in the diagram. First subtract off P (S ∩ F). Note that P (S ∩ F) includes part of the highest level. Intersection P (S ∩ F ∩ G). Next subtract off, P (F ∩ G) but this also contains the highest level intersection which means. We are subtracting out that, intersection twice so we add one P (S ∩ F ∩ G) back. Now we subtract off P (S ∩ G), but again this,, Contains the highest order intersection so we, must add another one back again. This is the principle of inclusion and, exclusion. Then.
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