Figure 1 shows self-reported health as a function of age and gender, comparing the bottom three deciles with the top three deciles. Self-reported health is better in the higher deciles, though the effect is much stronger for men than for women, for whom there is little or no PCE gradient. The steeper gradient for men may be an indication that some of this relationship is driven by the effect of health on income, since we would observe such a relation if men earn more because they are stronger..