The first of these is found in the present Soviet
Constitution, whose Article 142 says that 'every deputy is
accountable to the electorate for his own work and for the
work of the Soviet of workers' deputies, and may be
recalled at any moment by a majority decision of the
electorate.' In most constitutions of popular democracies,
the second form usually belongs to an emerging phase of
collective movements, the so-called 'birth phase' which
precedes institutionalization; recent examples are the stud