Th e variables are operationalized as follows. Labour mobility is measured as the sum of
EU–15 “foreigners” and “other foreigners” in relation to total employment by NACE sectors
(Classifi cation of Economic Activities in the European community) (Eurostat Population
Census, 2001); the indicator for capital mobility are foreign direct investments by sector
(OECD, 2004b) and export dependency is measured by the indicator “export fl ows” of the
variables “external trade by products” and “external trade in services” (UNCTAD, 2007).