MNEs commonly use arbitrary transfer pricing and other financial tools for transactions between subsidiaries to minimize foreign-exchange risk exposure and tax expenditures. Another consideration is that all financial figures are generally subject to the problem of currency conversion, including sales and cash positions. Further complications could arise because some host governments (usually emerging economies) may decide to place restrictions on repatriation of profits and currency conversion. The nature of the international monetary system and local accounting differences may also preclude an accurate measurement of results. The dilemma this poses is that the use of transfer pricing and other financial tools is necessary because of the complexity of the international environment. Multinationals cannot allow subsidiaries to become autonomous in financial management terms, and place controls on subsidiary managers. Thus, the financial results recorded for any particular subsidiary do not always accurately reflect its contribution to the achievements of the MNE as a whole. Therefore, such results should not be used as a primary input in performance appraisal