Chromium (Cr) is a naturally occurring element present in the earth’s crust, with oxidation states (or valence states) ranging from chromium (II) to chromium (VI) [129]. Chromium compounds are stable in the trivalent [Cr(III)] form and occur in nature in this state in ores, such as ferrochromite. The hexavalent [Cr(VI)] form is the second-most stable state [28]. Elemental chromium [Cr(0)] does not occur naturally. Chromium enters into various environmental matrices (air, water, and soil) from a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic sources with the largest release coming from industrial establishments. Industries with the largest contribution to chromium release include metal processing, tannery facilities, chromate production, stainless steel welding, and ferrochrome and chrome pigment production. The increase in the environmental concentrations of chromium has been linked to air and wastewater release of chromium, mainly from metallurgical, refractory, and chemical industries. Chromium released into the environment from anthropogenic activity occurs mainly in the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)] [130]. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a toxic industrial pollutant that is classified as human carcinogen by several regulatory and non-regulatory agencies [130–132]. The health hazard associated with exposure to chromium depends on its oxidation state, ranging from the low toxicity of the metal form to the high toxicity of the hexavalent form. All Cr(VI)-containing compounds were once thought to be man-made, with only Cr(III) naturally ubiquitous in air, water, soil and biological materials. Recently, however, naturally occurring Cr(VI) has been found in ground and surface waters at values exceeding the World Health Organization limit for drinking water of 50 µg of Cr(VI) per liter [133]. Chromium is widely used in numerous industrial processes and as a result, is a contaminant of many environmental systems [134]. Commercially chromium compounds are used in industrial welding, chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning and wood preservation. Chromium is also used as anticorrosive in cooking systems and boilers [135, 136].