During a stay on the moon humans are exposed to elevated radiation levels due to the lack of
substantial atmospheric and magnetic shielding compared to the Earth’s surface. The absence of
magnetic and atmospheric shielding allows cosmic rays of all energies to impinge on the lunar surface.
Beside the continuous exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which increases the risk of cancer
mortality, exposure through particles emitted in sudden nonpredictable solar particle events (SPE) may
occur. SPEs show an enormous variability in particle flux and energy spectra and have the potential to
expose space crew to life threatening doses. On Earth, the contribution to the annual terrestrial dose of
natural ionizing radiation of 2.4 mSv by cosmic radiation is about 1/6, whereas the annual exposure
caused by GCR on the lunar surface is roughly 380 mSv (solar minimum) and 110 mSv (solar
maximum). The analysis of worst case scenarios has indicated that SPE may lead to an exposure of
about 1 Sv. The only efficient measure to reduce radiation exposure is the provision of radiation
shelters.
Measurements on the lunar surface performed during the Apollo missions cover only a small energy
band for thermal neutrons and are not sufficient to estimate the exposure. Very recently some
data were added by the Radiation Dose Monitoring (RADOM) instrument operated during the
Indian Chandrayaan Mission and the Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRaTER) instrument of the NASA LRO
(Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter) mission. These measurements need to be complemented by surface
measurements.
Models and simulations that exist describe the approximate radiation exposure in space and on the
lunar surface. The knowledge on the radiation exposure at the lunar surface is exclusively based on
calculations applying radiation transport codes in combination with environmental models.
Own calculations are presented using Monte-Carlo simulations to calculate the radiation environment
on the moon and organ doses on the surface of the moon for an astronaut in an EVA suit and are
compared with measurements. Since it is necessary to verify/validate such calculations with measurement
on the lunar surface, a description is given of a radiation detector for future detailed surface
measurements. This device is proposed for the ESA Lunar Lander Mission and is capable to characterize
the radiation field concerning particle fluencies, dose rates and energy transfer spectra for ionizing
particles and to measure the dose contribution of secondary neutrons.