Data Analysis
To test the research hypotheses, the study used several methods of data analysis, including descriptive statistics,
paired-samples t-test, independent-samples t-test, and ANOVA. The frequency of responses was conducted to assess
the distribution of the participant demographics. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each item and
scale to assess potential central tendencies. Cronbach’s alpha was used to conduct reliability analysis to determine
the reliability of all scales adopted in the study. The obtained alpha scores were then compared to the reliability
estimates existing in the literature. The level of significance was set at p < .01 and .05 respectively.