Like other religions, Islam is open to a number of interpretations. Armstrong is not, therefore, as pessimistic as Huntington. She believes it could be possible to reduce hostility between the West and Islam. However, it will not be achieved through a "war on terror". Instead, what is needed is that people in Western societies campaign through the democratic system to persuade their governments to adopt foreign policies which are fairer to Islamic countries and to espouse a "one-world' mentality. Carroll and the meaning of september 11 Carroll's analysis of the meaning of September 11 offers an alternative interpretation of the conflicts between Islamic fundamentalist movements and the West. In Terror: A Meditation on the Meaning of September 11 (2002), he presents a cultural analysis of September 11 (2004). His analysis is built on his earlier work Humanism: The Wreck of Western Culture (993) which argues that contemporary Western culture is fundamentally flawed because it has turned from the great narratives that have sustained it since the Ancient Greeks. For Carroll, any culture must be able to answer three fundamental existential questions: Where do we come from? How do we live our lives? Where do we go when we die?