Elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the seaweed residue was performed using Exeter Analytical (Warwick, UK) CE440 Elemental Analyser (calibrated against acetanilide with S-benzyl-thioronium chloride internal standard).
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis was performed using the Agilent 7700x.
Sample & Skimmer Cones were Ni, and analysis was run in He mode.
The calorific value of the seaweed residue was determined by Parr 6200 calorimeter, made by Scientific & Medical Products Ltd, UK.