Trace Minerals and Vitamins
Trace minerals and vitamins are required for all metabolic functions. The appropriate supplementary levels of
these micro-nutrients depends on the feed ingredients used, the feed manufacturing process, feed handling
logistics (e.g. storage conditions and length of time in farm feed bins), and local circumstances (e.g. soils can
vary in their trace mineral content and feed ingredients grown in some geographic areas may be deficient in
some elements). There are usually separate recommendations proposed for some vitamins, depending on
the cereal grains (e.g. wheat versus maize) included in the diet.