Anderson et al. (1995) observed gains in self-efficacy in their patient-empowering diabetes education program for
their intervention group and saw sustained improvements in all areas of self-efficacy at the 12 week follow-up. Foster
et al. (2007) and Lorig et al. (2009) assessed the effect of self-management programs by lay leaders for persons with
chronic conditions and diabetes. They found short-term improvements in the patients’ self-efficacy and perceptions of
their own health. The results of this study confirmed the hypothesis that the participants who received the intervention
would have greater self-efficacy in managing their type 2 diabetes than those who did not receive the intervention.
They also were consistent with the modified self-efficacy model for the evaluation of the SEEIP for persons with type
2 diabetes in Taiwan. Very few studies have examined outcome expectations as the dependent variable following
the implementation of a diabetes intervention that is modeled on self-efficacy theory. The present results supported those of Miller et al. (2002). Their intervention study evaluated a social, cognitive-based nutrition intervention and examined the outcome expectations. They found that the experimental group showed a significant improvement in outcome expectations, when compared to the control group.