Cyborganic, the subject of this study, was a community whose members
brought Wired magazine online; launched Hotwired, the first ad-supported online
magazine; set-up Web production for CNET; led the open source Apache project;
and staffed and started dozens of other Internet firms and projects—from Craig’s
List to Organic Online—during the first phase of the Web’s development as a
popular platform (1993-1999). As a conscious project to build a hybrid community
both online and on-ground, Cyborganic’s central premise was that mediated and
face-to-face interaction are mutually sustaining and can be used together to build
uniquely robust communities. Yet, Cyborganic was also an Internet start-up and the
business project provided both impetus and infrastructure for the community. The
social forms and cultural practices developed in this milieu figured in the initial
development of Web publishing, and prefigured Web 2.0 in online collaboration,
collective knowledge creation, and social networking.
The objectives of this dissertation are several. The first is to demonstrate the
role of Cyborganic in the innovation and adoption of networked social media
through an ethnographic case study of the group, showing it as exemplary of the
regional and cultural advantage of “technopoles,” and as precursor to contemporary
phenomena of online social networking. The second objective is to interrogate the
relation between entrepreneurial and utopian practices and social imaginaries in the
Cyborganic project, identifying not only their synergies, but also their tensions.x
Finally, my third objective is to ground celebratory and utopian discourses of new
media genealogically, showing that the social media heralded today as
“revolutionary” grew from earlier media and practices, similarly hailed as
revolutionary in their day. Rather than representing rupture with the past, the
narrative of social revolution through technologies is a cultural legacy passed
through generations already, and one that draws on quintessentially American
attitudes and practice.