Overall, our strategies in the development of MERS-CoV RBD-based subunit vaccines will provide useful information for the design of effective vaccines against MERS-CoV andany other emerging corona viruses that might cause future pandemics. It is expected that such developed MERS candidate vaccines will be tested for efficacy in preventing MERS-CoV infections in vivoonce affordable small animal models for MERS-CoV have become available. Because serologic and neutralization responses against S proteins of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and other corona viruses share no,to low, levels of cross-reactivity within and/or across subgroups,it is advisable that MERS-CoV and other coronavirus vaccines be designed by considering construction of chimeric S protein containing neutralizing epitopes from variant virus strains