Our data provide no evidence that helminths induce a
proinflammatory response in contrast to malaria infection
and recent fever. Further evidence for lack of association
with helminths was that both CRP and alpha 1 anti-trypsin
(A1AT) levels were unaffected by treatment (Raynes JG, personal communication). Additionally, malaria infection, severe
anemia, and severe wasting malnutrition were positively
associated with inflammation but inversely associated with
helminths. This finding suggests that non-helminth-induced
inflammation (possibly from malaria infection) modifies the
positive helminth anemia/wasting malnutrition relationship