Probiotics: Probiotics are living microorganisms
that confer a health benefit when administered in
adequate dosages. A 2010 pilot study found that
critically ill patients at high risk for VAP who
received Lactobacillus rhamnosus had significantly
fewer microbiologically confirmed cases of VAP and
significantly fewer episodes of Clostridium difficileassociated
diarrhoea compared to patients who did not
receive the probiotics53. However, larger multi-center
trials with more liberal inclusion criteria are needed to
evaluate the generalizability of this finding.