This study utilized the emancipatory type of action research,
defined by Zuber-Skerritt (1996) as having the goal of transforming
organizational systems through collaboration with the researchers
acting as “process moderators.” Within the 52 individual AEC
projects selected (based upon availability) and the organizational
systems being transformed were the AEC owner organizations'
procurement, contracting, and project management processes.
Owner participation on each selected project was led by two key
personnel: the owner's lead contracting officer and lead project
manager