These classes were selected as the expected use or ownership of laptop or tablet computers was likely to be higher than average. Class 1 from ECU and Classes 2 and 3 from CDU were classes in which laptop loan programs (m-learning programs) were in place and therefore all of the stu- dents had access to laptops or tablet computers. The laptop program at ECU provided all first- year Bachelor of Education students with a free loan of a wireless laptop for use throughout their first year of study. Students participating in this program were provided with an initial orienta- tion to using the laptops and wireless network, access to support services for hardware and soft- ware issues, and were encouraged to use the laptops 24/7 for both learning and recreational pur- poses. In contrast, the tablet program at CDU was classroom-based and students were required to copy their work to other devices for use out of class. Classes 4 to 7 from MU did not have a lap- top program. In these units, students were invited to participate in the study only if they used laptop or tablet computers for study purposes. Table 2 shows the total enrolment numbers in
each of the classes and the percentage of students in the unit who participated based on enrolment numbers. The laptop users were known in Classes 1, 2 and 3; however, the number of laptop users could not be established in Classes 4 to 7 as information about ownership was not available. In Classes 4 to 7, student laptop owners and users self-selected by volunteering to participate in the survey. Overall, 199 students consented to participate in the study and completed the student survey.