Two types of nanoparticles were developed:particles coated with a monoclonal anti-ubiquitin antibody (clone MK-12-3from MBL,seattle,WA,and particles coated with the lectin PNA/PAS(Sigma St. Louis,MO)which bind to glycans exposed by the romodeling of the sperm acrosome caused by premature capacitation or acrosom reaction,or by mechanical,osmotic and/or cryogenic damage to the acrosome