This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the
one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin
seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for
humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are
particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds
is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by
photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic
organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest
at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin
compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
This article reviews the literature related to the bioavailability of tin, inorganic tin compounds, and organotin compounds. On the
one hand, the toxicity of metallic tin and inorganic tin compounds is low. In aqueous systems, the potential bioavailability of tin
seems to depend on the concentration of the truly dissolved ion species. Some studies suggest that tin is an essential trace element for
humans. However, organotin compounds have been proven to be of toxicological relevance. Triorganotin compounds are
particularly toxic explaining their wide use as biocides (e.g., in antifouling paints or pesticides). Persistence of organotin compounds
is governed by moderate to fast aerobic biotic degradation processes, slow anaerobic biotic degradation, slow abiotic degradation by
photolysis, and fast, but reversible, adsorption/desorption processes. Organotin compounds are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic
organisms. Bioconcentration in organisms and ecotoxicity are dependent on the bioavailable fraction. The bioavailability is highest
at neutral and slightly alkaline pH and is reduced in the presence of dissolved organic carbon. The biomagnification of organotin
compounds via the food chain is of minor importance compared with the bioconcentration from the water phase.
r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
