In this article, we use the number of bank accounts (per 1,000 adults) as a proxy for banking
penetration (p), the number of bank branches (per 1 million people) as a proxy for availability of
banking services (a), and the ratio of the amount of bank credit and bank deposits to GDP as a proxy
for usage of the banking system (u).
Table 4 presents the results of our calculations using equation (4).
For the forty countries listed, financial inclusion is 0.280, which is not very high. The country with
the highest level of financial inclusion is Japan (0.642), and the one with the lowest is Romania
(0.033). When the countries are divided into high- and low-income countries, the rates seen are similar
to those for financial fragility, whose results show that the higher a country’s level of financial fragility,
the lower a rate of financial inclusion it has.
In this article, we use the number of bank accounts (per 1,000 adults) as a proxy for bankingpenetration (p), the number of bank branches (per 1 million people) as a proxy for availability ofbanking services (a), and the ratio of the amount of bank credit and bank deposits to GDP as a proxyfor usage of the banking system (u).Table 4 presents the results of our calculations using equation (4).For the forty countries listed, financial inclusion is 0.280, which is not very high. The country withthe highest level of financial inclusion is Japan (0.642), and the one with the lowest is Romania(0.033). When the countries are divided into high- and low-income countries, the rates seen are similarto those for financial fragility, whose results show that the higher a country’s level of financial fragility,the lower a rate of financial inclusion it has.
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