at different levels, but also with the failures of classic tools mobilized by governments to govern, i.e. taxes and laws. In a seminal paper on governance and government fail- ures, the German sociologist Renate Mayntz (1993) explicitly linked the governance question to the search for new policy instru- ments. In Canada and the USA, public policy scholars fsuch as M. Howlett and L. Salamon have developed important research projects on policy instruments and new forms of governance
This chapter argues that the question of the policy instrument is central to the conceptu- alization and the understanding of changing forms of governance.